The short version of 脂肪营养不良 fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-06-27. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide that belongs to the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) family. Its sequence corresponds to the fully active 44-amino-acid form of human GHRH, with a single structural modification: the addition of a trans-3-hexenoyl group at the N-terminus. That modification is not found in the naturally occurring hormone and was introduced deliberately during development to improve stability against enzymatic degradation. The compound is therefore best described as a stabilized analogue rather than a naturally occurring peptide.
The native hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary. Binding of GHRH to its receptor stimulates synthesis and release of growth hormone into circulation. Because the analogue retains the receptor-binding region of the parent sequence, it engages the same receptor and triggers the same downstream signaling. The result is increased growth hormone secretion from pituitary cells, which in turn influences hepatic production of insulin-like growth factor 1. This axis is the basis for the compound's measured biological effects.
Interest in this peptide developed because native GHRH has a short circulating lifetime. The N-terminal modification slows cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme that removes the first two residues of many peptides and terminates their activity. Slower degradation means a longer window of receptor stimulation per administration. This design logic parallels other modified peptide hormones, where a small chemical change at a vulnerable site yields a more durable molecule without altering the core mechanism of action.
特沙莫瑞林是一种合成肽，其序列与人生长激素释放激素的 44 个氨基酸形式相关。它在 N 端带有反式-3-己烯酰基修饰，这一改动可减缓二肽基肽酶 IV 的降解。该化合物属于生长激素释放激素受体激动剂，可刺激垂体释放生长激素。研究文献通常将其归入合成肽类药物，而非小分子化合物。
监管记录显示，特沙莫瑞林于 2010 年在美国首次获得批准，用于人类免疫缺陷病毒感染相关的脂肪营养不良患者。批准依据来自降低内脏脂肪的临床试验，而非体重或瘦体重的普遍改善。后续出现了不同制剂版本，但其核心适应症保持一致。关于长期心血管结局和死亡率影响，现有证据仍不充分。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C221H366N72O67S | Reflects a 44-residue peptide with one N-terminal modification |
| Approximate molecular weight | 5136 Da | Sequence length and single acyl group determine the mass |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Typical form of a purified synthetic peptide |
| Solubility class | Soluble in water and aqueous buffer | Peptide backbone favors aqueous dissolution |
| Common synonyms | GHRH(1-44) analogue; Egrifta | Descriptive name and approved brand name |
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide that belongs to the growth hormone-releasing hormone family and contains the same forty-four amino acid sequence as endogenous GHRH, extended at the amino terminus by a trans-3-hexenoyl group. That small fatty acid modification protects the peptide from rapid cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, the enzyme that shortens the half-life of native GHRH to only a few minutes. Chemically the compound is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by chromatography, and supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder for reconstitution.
Regulatory approval in the United States came in 2010, when the Food and Drug Administration cleared the peptide for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV infection and associated lipodystrophy. The decision rested mainly on two randomized phase 3 trials that enrolled roughly eight hundred patients and ran for twenty-six weeks. Participants receiving active drug showed substantially greater declines in visceral adipose tissue than those receiving placebo, while total body weight changed comparatively little. A reformulated presentation was later approved, and the product has remained a niche therapy rather than a general weight-loss agent.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, composed of 44 amino acids. It was designed to retain the biological activity of the native hormone while resisting rapid enzymatic degradation. The compound is classified as a growth hormone secretagogue and belongs to the broader family of hypothalamic releasing factors. In research and clinical settings, it is studied for its ability to stimulate pituitary growth hormone release. Its structure includes a modification at the N-terminus that contributes to an extended half-life relative to native growth hormone-releasing hormone.
Tesamorelin binds to growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors on the surface of pituitary somatotroph cells. This binding activates adenylate cyclase, raising intracellular cyclic AMP levels and triggering the release of growth hormone into circulation. The elevated growth hormone then stimulates hepatic production of insulin-like growth factor 1. Because the effect is mediated through the endogenous axis, secretion remains subject to feedback regulation. This distinguishes it from direct growth hormone administration, which bypasses pituitary control entirely.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide of forty-four amino acids whose sequence reproduces human growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its distinguishing feature sits at the amino terminus, where a trans-3-hexenoyl group replaces the free amine. That acylation slows cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme that otherwise removes the first two residues and inactivates the natural hormone quickly. The modified peptide therefore persists longer in circulation while keeping the same receptor target. It is handled as a lyophilized solid and dissolved shortly before use.
Signaling begins at the GHRH receptor, a class B G protein-coupled receptor displayed on somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Receptor occupancy activates Gs proteins, which raise adenylyl cyclase activity and intracellular cyclic AMP, in turn driving protein kinase A dependent pathways. The downstream output is synthesis and pulsatile secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Hepatic tissue and peripheral sites respond by increasing insulin-like growth factor 1 production. Somatostatin and IGF-1 itself supply negative feedback that caps the size and duration of each secretory burst.
== Civilian applications == Depleted uranium has a very high density and is primarily used as shielding material for other radioactive material, and as ballast. Examples include sailboat keels, as counterweights and as shielding in industrial radiography cameras.
Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.90% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, with the majority of them being less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb (half-life 46 seconds). The known isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 189Yb. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is electron capture giving thulium isotopes; the primary mode after is beta emission giving lutetium isotopes. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose–Einstein statistics or Fermi–Dirac statistics, leading to different behavior in optical lattices.
In order to determine the composition of the East German representatives in the Bundestag between German reunification and the first post-reunification elections in December 1990, the results of the 1990 Volkskammer election were recounted, using the new states of Germany as constituencies. This was possible since the original election results were declared on the Kreis level, and the states were re-established by simply amalgamating Kreise together. The results in each Kreis forming a state were summed up to determine the statewide result. The recount fixed the number of Volkskammer members from each party who would be co-opted into the Bundestag.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Inflammatory arthropathies === Rheumatoid arthritis Spondyloarthropathies Ankylosing spondylitis Reactive arthritis (reactive arthropathy) Psoriatic arthropathy Enteropathic arthropathy Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) Crystal arthropathies: gout, pseudogout Septic arthritis Raynaud's Disease
==== Reclaimed water as feedstock ==== As semiconductor fabrication has scaled, the volume of feedwater required for ultrapure water production has grown substantially, with advanced fabrication plants consuming several million gallons of UPW per day. To reduce reliance on freshwater withdrawals, some manufacturers have begun using reclaimed municipal or industrial wastewater as raw feedstock for UPW production. Reclaimed water typically contains higher levels of small-molecule organic pollutants such as urea, which are not effectively removed by conventional ion exchange, reverse osmosis, or ultraviolet treatment. As a result, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including UV-AOP and sulfate-radical–based methods, have been investigated as supplementary unit operations to meet the increasingly stringent total organic carbon specifications required for sub-7 nm device fabrication.
Radiopharmacology is radiochemistry applied to medicine and thus the pharmacology of radiopharmaceuticals (medicinal radiocompounds, that is, pharmaceutical drugs that are radioactive). Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field of nuclear medicine as radioactive tracers in medical imaging and in therapy for many diseases (for example, brachytherapy). Many radiopharmaceuticals use technetium-99m (Tc-99m) which has many useful properties as a gamma-emitting tracer nuclide. In the book Technetium a total of 31 different radiopharmaceuticals based on Tc-99m are listed for imaging and functional studies of the brain, myocardium, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, skeleton, blood and tumors. The term radioisotope, which in its general sense refers to any radioactive isotope (radionuclide), has historically been used to refer to all radiopharmaceuticals, and this usage remains common. Technically, however, many radiopharmaceuticals incorporate a radioactive tracer atom into a larger pharmaceutically-active molecule, which is localized in the body, after which the radionuclide tracer atom allows it to be easily detected with a gamma camera or similar gamma imaging device. An example is fludeoxyglucose in which fluorine-18 is incorporated into deoxyglucose. Some radioisotopes (for example gallium-67, gallium-68, and radioiodine) are used directly as soluble ionic salts, without further modification. This use relies on the chemical and biological properties of the radioisotope itself, to localize it within the body.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In the 1970s, biscuit manufacturers began using micro-aeration to process chocolate for moulded products. This was a cost-saving measure: with less chocolate, the same volume of coated biscuit could be maintained. In 1981 or 1983, Cadbury released Wispa, an aerated chocolate with a more chunky shape than Aero bars, made using a secret, non-patented process. The launch of Wispa was successful, but it soon encountered manufacturing difficulties and was temporarily withdrawn from the market. While Wispa was off the market, Rowntree's developed and launched a chunky Aero which they successfully launched and was still being sold as of 2008. Wispa was discontinued in the early 2000s so Cadbury could bring in a new aerated chocolate product aligned with the Cadbury Dairy Milk brand: Dairy Milk Bubbly. Following an internet campaign in 2007, Cadbury reintroduced Wispa. Today, Aero is manufactured by Nestlé, the brand having been acquired by Nestlé during a 1988 takeover of Rowntree's. As of 2023, other brands of aerated chocolate includes Mirage and Galaxy.
Conditions similar to those of the Miller–Urey experiments are present in other regions of the Solar System, often substituting ultraviolet light for lightning as the energy source for chemical reactions. The Murchison meteorite that fell near Murchison, Victoria, Australia in 1969 was found to contain an amino acid distribution remarkably similar to Miller–Urey discharge products. Analysis of the organic fraction of the Murchison meteorite with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry detected over 10,000 unique compounds, albeit at very low (ppb–ppm) concentrations. In this way, the organic composition of the Murchison meteorite is seen as evidence of Miller–Urey synthesis outside Earth. Comets and other icy outer-solar-system bodies are thought to contain large amounts of complex carbon compounds (such as tholins) formed by processes akin to Miller–Urey setups, darkening surfaces of these bodies. Some argue that comets bombarding the early Earth could have provided a large supply of complex organic molecules along with the water and other volatiles, however very low concentrations of biologically-relevant material combined with uncertainty surrounding the survival of organic matter upon impact make this difficult to determine.
== Habitat and ecology == Nematophagous fungi occur in a variety of habitats including leaves entering the decomposition phase, soil samples that contain decomposed leaves or in soil samples from agricultural land and they can also be found in pasture land. The latter possibly relates to the tendency of this species to occur in dung of cow and sheep where its nematode hosts are abundant. The fungus is commonly found in tropical and warm climates. It is more commonly encountered in the spring and fall. The fungus has been isolated from include Brazil, China, Florida, New Zealand, and eastern Canada. The fungus tends to be more commonly reported from climate regions subject to monsoons and does not appear to survive cold weather well, though the predilection of this species for warm damp climates may relate more to the distributions of its hosts. The fungus is known primarily as a parasite of nematodes and eelworms. During its life cycle, conidia of the fungus are ingested by eelworms or nematodes and lodge in the pharynx or gut. Once inside the host, the conidia germinate and begin to colonize the host digestive tract. During the initial phases of this process, the host remains alive, but as the fungus spreads from the gut to the surrounding tissues in the latter stages of infection and the death of the host soon follows. Conidial production occurs on nematode cadavers by the eruption of conidiophores and conidia through the host cuticle.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It shares the 44-residue sequence of human GHRH but carries an added trans-3-hexenoyl group at its N-terminus. That addition does not occur in the natural hormone and serves mainly to resist enzymatic breakdown. The receptor target and signaling pathway remain the same.
It binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on anterior pituitary cells. Activation of that receptor promotes synthesis and release of growth hormone. The effect propagates through the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 axis.
Native GHRH is cleared quickly by peptidases, which limits how long it can stimulate its receptor. The added group hinders one of the primary cleavage enzymes. The practical consequence is a longer period of receptor activity per dose.
特沙莫瑞林是国际非专利名称，指一种经过 N 端修饰的生长激素释放激素类似物。它被归类为合成肽，序列与 GHRH(1-44) 密切相关。该名称不指代任何特定品牌或剂型。